CONJUNCTION

Conjunction

Conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, clauses or sentences. e.g.  and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so, although, because, since, unless, when, while, where are some conjunctions.

Examples.

     She tried but did not succeed.
     He does not go to school because he is ill.
     John and Marry went to the cinema.
     He thought for a moment and kicked the ball.
     I waited for him but he didn’t come.
     You will be ill unless you quit smoking.
     We didn’t go to the market because it was raining outside.

Single word Conjunction: Conjunction having one word
          e.g. and, but, yet, because etc.

Compound Conjunction: Conjunction having two or more words
       e.g. as long as, as far as, as well as, in order that, even if, so that etc

Types of Conjunction.

There are three types of conjunctions

• Coordinating Conjunction
• Subordinate Conjunction
• Correlative Conjunction

Coordinating Conjunction.

Coordinating conjunction (called coordinators) joins words, phrases (which are similar in importance and grammatical structure) or independent clauses.

Coordinating conjunctions are short words i.e. and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.

Coordination conjunction joins two equal parts of a sentence,

• Word + word 
• Phrase + phrase
• Clause + clause 
• Independent clause + independent clause.

Examples.

See "Coordinating, Subordinating and Correlative Conjunction"

Types of Conjunction.

Conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, clauses or sentences. e.g.  and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so, although, because, since, unless, when, while, where etc.

There are three types of conjunctions

• Coordinating Conjunction
• Subordinate Conjunction
• Correlative Conjunction

Coordinating Conjunction.

Coordinating conjunctions (called coordinators) join words, phrases (which are similar in importance and grammatical structure) or independent clauses.

Coordinating conjunctions are short words i.e. and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.

Coordination conjunction joins two equal parts of a sentence,

• Word + word 
• Phrase + phrase
• Clause + clause 
• Independent clause + independent clause.

Examples.

     Word + word: She likes tea and coffee.
     Phrase + phrase: He may be in the room or on the roof.
     Clauses + clause: What you eat and what you drink affect your health.
     Independent clause + independent clause: The cat jumped over the mouse and      the mouse ran away.

In the following examples, coordinating conjunctions join two words of same importance.

      She likes pizza and cake.               (pizza and cake)
      I bought a table and a chair.          (table and chair)
      He may come by bus or car.           (bus or car)

In the following examples, conjunction joins two independent clauses. Independent clause is a clause which can stand alone as a sentence and have complete thought on its own.

      I called him but he didn’t pick up the phone.
      I advised him to quit smoking, but he didn’t act upon my advice.
      He became ill, so he thought he should go to a doctor.
      He shouted for help, but no body helped her.
      He wants to become a doctor, so he is studying Biology.

Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join. A comma is used with conjunction if the clauses are long or not well balanced. 

If both clauses have same subjects, the subject of 2nd clause may not be written again. See the following examples

     She worked hard and succeeded.
     The player stopped and kicked the ball.
     He became ill but didn’t go to doctor.
     Marry opened the book and started to study.

Subordinating Conjunctions.

Subordinating conjunctions (called subordinators) join subordinate clause (dependent clause) to main clause.

e.g. although, because, if, before, how,  once, since, till, until, when, where, whether, while, after,  no matter how, provided that, as soon as, even if,

      MAIN CLAUSE + SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
      SUBORDINATE CLAUSE + MAIN CLAUSE

Subordinate clause is combination of words (subject and verb) which cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. Subordinate clause is also called dependent clause because it is dependent on main clause. Subordinate clause usually starts with relative pronoun (which, who, that, whom etc).  Subordinate clause gives more information in relation to main clause to complete the thought.

Subordinating conjunction joins subordinate clause to main clause. Subordinating conjunction always come before the subordinate clause, no matter the subordinate clause is before main clause or after the main clause. 

Examples.
      He does not go to school because he is ill.
      I will call you after I reach my home.
      I bought some cookies while I was coming from my office.
      They played football although it was raining.
      Although it was raining, they played foot ball.
      As far as I know, this exam is very difficult.
      I have gone to every concert since I have lived in New York.
      You can get high grades in exam provided that you work hard for it.

Correlative Conjunction.

These are paired conjunctions which join words, phrases or clauses which have reciprocal or complementary relationship.

The most commonly used correlative conjunctions are as follows

     Either … or
     Neither … nor
     Whether … or
     Both … and
     Not only … but also 

Examples.

      Neither John nor Marry passed the exam.
      Give me either a cup or a glass.
      Both red and yellow are attractive colours.
      I like neither tea nor coffee.
      He will be either in the room or in the hall.
      John can speak not only English but also French.






contoh soal

•  I like spaghetti and pizza.
•  I ate spaghetti for lunch and pizza for dinner.
•  I like spaghetti, but I don’t like hamburgers.
•  You can eat spaghetti or pizza for dinner.
•  I like all Italian food, so I like pizza.
•  I like Italian food, and so does my brother.
•  I eat a lot of pizza because I like it
•  I study English because I want a good job.

 

http://www.studyandexam.com/conjunction2.html
 http://letspeakenglish.info/kursus-online/

NOUN CLAUSE

Pengertian noun clause

Noun clause adalah klausa yang berfungsi sebagai nomina. Karena fungsinya sebagai nomina, maka noun clause dapat menduduki posisi-posisi berikut:

1. Subjek kalimat (subject of a sentence)
2. Objek verba transitif (object of a transitive verb)
3. Objek preposisi (object of a preposition)
4. Pelengkap (complement)
5. Pemberi keterangan tambahan (noun in apposition)x

Contoh:

1.     What you said doesn’t convince me at all.

2.    How he becomes so rich makes people curious.

3.    What the salesman has said is untrue.

4.    That the world is round is a fact.

Contoh:
I know what you mean.
I don’t understand what he is talking about.
He said that his son would study in Australia.
Verba yang dapat diikuti noun clause dalam hal ini that-clause antara lain adalah:
admit : mengakui
realize : menyadari
announce : mengumumkan
recommend : menganjurkan
believe : percaya
remember : ingat
deny : menyangkal
reveal : menyatakan, mengungkapkan
expect : mengharapkan
say : mengatakan
find : menemukan
see : melihat
forget : lupa
stipulate : menetapkan
hear : mendengar
suggest : menganjurkan
inform : memberitahukan
suppose : mengira
know : tahu, mengetahui
think : pikir, berpendapat
promise : berjanji
understand : mengerti
propose : mengusulkan
wish : ingin, berharap

Menurut jenis kalimat asalnya, Noun Clause dapat diklasifikasikan menjadi 4 macam, yaitu:
1. Statement (pernyataan)
2. Question (pertanyaan)
3. Request (permintaan)
4. Exclamation (seruan).
Penjelasan:

1. Statement

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "that"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Subjek Kalimat
• Kangaroo lives in Australia (statement)
• That Kangaroo lives is Australia is well known to all (Noun Clause)
2) Subjek Kalimat setelah "It"
• It is well known to all that Kangaroo lives in Australia
3) Objek Pelengkap
• My conclusion is that Kangaroo lives in Australia
4) Objek Kata Kerja
• All people understand well that Kangaroo lives in Australia
5) Apositif
• My conclusion that Kangaroo lives is Australia is correct.
2. Question

A. Yes/No Question

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "whether (or not/or if)"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Subjek Kalimat
• Can she drive the car? (Question)
• Whether she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
= Whether or not she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
= Whether she can drive the car or not doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
= Whether or if she can drive the car doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
2) Objek Pelengkap
• My question is whether she can drive the car.
3) Objek Kata Kerja
• I really wonder whether she can drive the car (or not).
4) Objek Kata Depan
• We discussed about whether she can drive the car.
B. Wh- Question

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "kata Tanya itu sendiri"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Subjek Kalimat
• What is he doing? (Question)
• What she is doing doesn't concern me. (Noun Clause)
2) Objek Pelengkap
• My question is what she is doing.
3) Objek Kata Kerja
• I really wonder what she is doing.
4) Objek Kata Depan
• We discussed about what she is doing.
Catatan:

Posisi kembali normal, tidak seperti posisi sebuah pertanyaan normal.

3. Request

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "that"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Objek Kata Kerja
• Read the book! (Request)
• He suggested that I read the book. (Noun Clause)
Catatan:

Tanda seru hilang.

4. Exclamation

a. Conjunction yang dipakai adalah: "kata Tanya yang dipakai pada kalimat itu sendiri"

b. Fungsi Klausa ini adalah sebagai:

1) Objek Kata Kerja
• What a pretty girl she is? (Exclamation)
• I never realize what a pretty girl she is. (Noun Clause)
2) Objek Kata Depan
• We are talking about what a pretty girl she is.
Catatan Tambahan:
• Noun Clause dengan "that" digunakan sebagai subjek dari suatu kalimat hanya dengan kata kerja tertentu. Dan kata kerja (verb) yang penting adalah linking verb, khususnya BE.
• Noun Clause dengan "that" sering menjadi objek dari verb (kata kerja), beberapa verb berikut ini biasanya mempunyai subjek yang me�nunjukkan manusia. Kata-kata tersebut terutama sekali adalah verb yang digunakan dalam Indirect Speech Berta verb yang menyatakan kegiatan mental.
Kata Kerja Kalimat Tak Langsung

Admit, agree, allege, announce, argue, assert, assure, declare, aver, boast, claim, complain, confess, convince, deny, disagree, explain, foretell, hint, inform, insist, maintain, notify, persuade, pray, predict, proclaim, promise, relate, remark, remind, report, say, state, swear, teach, tell, threaten, warn

Kata Kerja Aktivitas Mental

Ascertain, assume, believe, calculate, care (untuk kalimat negative atau interrogative), conceive, conclude, consider, convince, decide, discover, doubt, dream, expect, fancy, feel, find out, forget, grant, guess, hear, hold (pendapat), hope, imagine, indicate, know, judge, learn, mean, mind (untuk kalimat negative atau interrogative), notice, perceive, presume, pretend, prove, question, realize, recall, reckon, recollect, reflect, regret, rejoice, remember, reveal, see, show, suppose, surmise, think, trust, understand, wish

Contoh:
1. Alex thinks that Mary is ill.
2. Bob told me that he had finished breakfast.
3. Henry says that Jack is very busy.
4. He insists that there is a mistake.
5. He complained to his friend that his wife couldn't cook.
• Dalam percakapan yang tidak resmi (informal) "that" sering dihilangkan dari objek Clause jika artinya (maksudnya) sudah jelas dapat dimengerti tanpa adanya "that".
Contoh:
1. I am sorry (that) I couldn't meet you at the station.
2. He says (that) they plan to come to the dance.
3. We thought (that) you had already left for abroad.
4. The reason we returned so early is, (that) one of the children got sick.
• Noun Clause dari question (pertanyaan) yang terletak sesudah verb yang memerlukan 2 objek mungkin berfungsi sebagai salah satu atau kedua objek dari verb tersebut.
Contoh:
1. Give the man (Indirect Object) what is in this envelope (Direct Object)
2. Give what is in the envelope to the man.
• Noun Clause dari pertanyaan mungkin diawali dengan kata-kata tanya yang berfungsi sebagai: Pronouns, Adjectives, atau Adverbs. Kata-kata yang dipakai adalah: Pronoun = who (ever), what (ever(, which. (ever), Adjective = whose, what (ever), which (ever), Adverb = how (ever), when (ever), where (ever), why.
Contoh:
1. We don't know who will be coming from the employment agency. (who adalah subjek dari will be coming)
2. We don't know whom the employment agency will send. (whom adalah objek dari will send)
3. We will ask whoever comes from the employment agency. (whoever adalah subjek dari comes)
4. We will ask whomever the employment agency sends. (whomever adalah objek dari sends)
• Dalam Noun Clause dari pertanyaan, subjek dan verb mempunyai susunan yang umum, yakni terletak sesudah introductory word.
• Noun Clause dari permintaan dimulai dengan that- Clause ini paling sering merupakan objek dari verb yang menyatakan permintaan, saran, atau keinginan dan sebagainya.
Contoh:
1. He is requesting that a company car be placed at his disposal.
2. The doctor recommended that he take a vacation.
3. It was suggested that she leave immediately.
4. It was proposed that the meeting be adjourned.
• Kadang-kadang "that" yang merupakan kata permulaan Clause dapat digantikan dengan susunan infinitive setelah kata-kata kerja yang menunjukkan permintaan seperti advise, ask, beg, command, desire, forbid, order, request, require, argue.
• Subjek dari that-Clause sering dalam bentuk passive dari verbs of requesting dengan susunan anticipatory it.

CONTOH SOAL

1.The waitress was a bad guy. He over charged us. 
2. My English teacher always gives me a good grade. He is a nice teacher. 
3. The man has a beautiful daughter. He is a policeman. 
4. My sister always sends me some letters. She is teaching in Singapore. 
5. The musician is very skilful. She is also a doctor. 
Jawaban 
1. The waitress who over charged us was a bad guy. 
2. My English teacher who is a nice teacher always gives me a good grade.
3. The man who is a policeman has a beautiful daughter
4. My sister who is teaching in Singapore always sends me some letters.
5.The musician who is also a doctor is very skilful




 

 http://www.scribd.com/doc/25323554/Adjective-Clause

·      http://octa-octavianthi.blogspot.com/2011/06/noun-clause.html

http://citrasat.wordpress.com/2010/03/14/pengertian-noun-clause/

Direct and Indirect Speech

 Direct and Indirect Speech

Ada dua cara untuk mengungkapkan apa yang seseorang katakan yaitu: langsung (direct) dan tidak langsung (indirect/reported).
Pada kalimat langsung, kita mengulangi ucapan pembicara (speaker) sama persis. Kalimat langsung biasanya digunakan dalam percakapan di dalam buku, drama, ataupun dalam tanda kurung.

Contoh:
He said, ‘I have lost my umbrella.’
Kalimat langsung (direct) mempunyai dua bagian, yaitu: reporting sentence dan reported sentence. Reporting sentence adalah klausa yang berisi siapa yang berbicara, sedangkan reported sentence adalah klausa yang berisi apa yang dibicarakan.

Contoh:
Mike said, “I will come to your house.”
reporting reported
Sedangkan, pada kalimat tidak langsung (indirect), kita mengungkapkan maksud ucapan pembicara dengan ungkapan yang tidak sama persis.

Contoh:
He said (that) he had lost his umbrella.
PERUBAHAN KALIMAT LANGSUNG (DIRECT) MENJADI TIDAK LANGSUNG (INDIRECT)
A. Kalimat pernyataan (statement) pada kalimat tidak langsung (indirect)
Perubahan direct menjadi indirect pada statement ditandai dengan ‘that’.
Kalimat langsung yang reporting sentence-nya memiliki verb dalam bentuk present tense (simple present, present continuous, and present perfect atau future tense) maka tidak ada perubahan tenses pada reported sentence dalam bentuk tidak langsung (indirect). Ini biasanya terjadi apabila:
1. Melaporkan suatu percakapan yang masih berlangsung
2. Membaca surat dan melaporkan apa isi surat tersebut
3. Membaca perintah dan langsung melaporkannya pada waktu tersebut
4. Melaporkan pernyataan yang sering muncul

Contoh:
Direct
• John (phoning from the station), “I’m trying to get a taxi.”
• Siska says,” The sun rises every morning.”
Indirect
• John says that he is trying to get a taxi.
• Siska says that the sun rises every morning.

Namun demikian, kalimat tidak langsung biasanya diawali dengan verb lampau (past tense). Pada hal ini, verb pada reported sentence harus diganti dengan turun satu level. Perubahan tenses tersebut dapat dilihat dalam tabel yang ada di bawah ini:

Direct Speech Simple present Present continuous Present perfect Present perfect continuous Simple past Past continuous Future Present

Indirect Speech Simple past Past continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous Past perfect Past perfect continuous Past Past

kecuali :

Kalau reported speech berhubungan dengan kebenaran umum atau fakta yang sudah menjadi

kebiasaan, present indefinite atau simple present dalam reported speech tidak diubah ke dalam

bentuk lampau yang sesuai, melainkan tetap persis sebagaimana adanmya, contoh :

Direct Speech – Indirect Speech

He said, “The sun rises in the east” – He said that the sun rises in the east

Dalam reported speech, bila present tense diubah ke dalam past tense dengan peraturan I, kata sifat, kata kerja atau kata keterangan umumnya diubah:

Direct Speech this = ini these = ini come = datang here = di sini, ke sini hence = dari sini hither = ke tempat ini ago = yang lalu now = sekarang today = hari ini tomorrow = besok yesterday = kemarin last night = tadi malam next week = minggu depan thus = begini contoh : He said, “I will come here”.

Indirect Speech that = itu those = itu go = pergi there = di sana, ke sana thence = dari sana thither = ke tempat itu before = lebih dahulu then = pada waktu itu that day = hari itu next day = hari berikutnya the previous day = sehari sebelumnya the previous night = semalam sebelumnya the following week = minggu berikutnya so = begitu He said that he would go there

Akan tetapi kalau this, here, now dan sebagainya menunjukan pada benda, tempat atau waktu ketika berbicara, maka tidak dilakukan perubahan.

Agus said, “This is my pen”. – Agus said that this was his pen

(ketika berbicara pena berada di tangan pembicara)

 example

1.dafi said, “I’m happy now.”

2.torres said that she was very tired.

3.terry said to me, “Don’t use my book!”

4.fabregas asked me, “What is your name?”

5.dafi asked me, “Are you tired?”

6.annisa chibi said to me, “I don’t love you”

7.‘Don’t you know the way home?’ I said to her.
8.‘Do you write a good hand?’ the teacher said to the student.
9.‘Have you anything to say on behalf of the accused?’ said the judge finally.
10.‘Have you anything to tell me, little bird?’ asked Ulysses.
11.‘Who are you, sir, and what do you want?’ they asked.
12.The king was impressed with the magician and asked, ‘What can I do for you?’

Answers

1.dafi said that he was happy then.

2.torres said, “I’m very tired”

3.terry told me not to use her book.

4.fabregas asked me, what my name was.

5.dafi asked me if/whether I was tired.

6/annisa chibi said to me that she didn’t love me.

7.I asked her whether she did not know the way home.
8. The teacher asked the student if he/she wrote a good hand.
9.The judge finally asked whether he/she had anything to say on behalf of the accused.
10.Ulysses asked the little bird whether it had anything to tell him.
11.They asked who he was and what he wanted.
12.The king was impressed with the magician and asked what he could do for him.
http://irena040506.wordpress.com/2010/05/21/direct-and-indirect-speech/

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE 
   Adverbial Clause adalah anak kalimat yang menjelaskan tentang induk kalimatnya. Anak kalimat inilah yang disebut dengan Adverbial clause. Anak kalimat menjelaskan induk kalimatnya dengan terlebih dahulu didahului oleh kata sambung (conjunction) tertentu.
Cara membentuk Main Clause dan Adverbial Clause adalah sama. Main Clause dan Adverbial Clause masing-masing dibentuk dari sebuah subject dan predicate. Penempatan conjunction yang membedakan Main Clause dan Adverbial Clause ditulis atau diucapkan ditengah-tengah.
Subject + Predicate + Conjunction + Subject + Predicate
Kalimat yang digaris bawahi merupakan Adverbial Clause. Posisi dari Adverbial Clause bisa dipindah kedepan sesuai dengan kebermaknaan dari kalimatnya. Ada beberapa jenis Adverbial Clause, masing-masing dibedakan dari conjunctionnya, dengan arti lain, Adverbial Clause bisa dikenali dari conjunction dan begitu pula sebaliknya, kita tinggal memilih conjunction yang tepat sesuai dengan jenis Adverbial Clause nya.
Dibawah ini jenis-jenis Adverbial Clause beserta conjunction nya:

  Rumus umum dan contoh adverb clause.
Subject + predicet + conj + subject + predicet.

Tapi bisa saja conjuntion di awal sesuai dengan kalimatnya.
Contoh:
- I met her when + was walking to school.
- As he was sick, he went to she doctor.
- I can’t go out because my mother is sick.


Jenis-Jenis Adverbial Clause:

• Clause of Time

Clause yang artinya waktu. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti after, before, no sooner, while, as.

Contoh:

- While he was walking home, he saw an accident.

- By the time I arrive, Joni will have left.

• Clause of Place

Clause yang artinya tempat. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction seperti where, nowhere, anywhere, wherever.

Contoh:

- They sat down wherever they could find empty seats

- Where there is poverty, there we find discontent and unrest.

• Clause of Contrast (or Concession)

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya pertentangan antara dua kejadian atau peristiwa yang saling berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti although, though, even though, whereas, even if, in spite of, as the time.

Contoh:

- As the time you were sleeping, we were working hard.

- He is very friendly, even if he is a clever student.

• Clause of Manner

Clause yang menunjukkan cars bagaimana suatu pekerjaan dilakukan atau peristiwa terjadi. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunction (kata penghubung) seperti as, how, like, in that.


Contoh:

• He did as I told him.
• You may finish it how you like.
• They may beat us again, like they did in 2011.

• Clause of Purpose and Result

Clause yang menunjukkan hubungan maksud/tujuan dan hasil. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan kata penghubung seperti (in order) that, so that, in the hope that, to the end that, lest, in case.


Contoh:

• They went to the movie early (in order) to find the best seats.
• She bought a book so (that) she could learn English

• Clause of Condition

Clause yang menunjukkan adanya persyaratan antara dua kejadian (peristiwa) yang berhubungan. Biasanya dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions seperti if, even if, unless, in the even that, or in even that, in case, provided (that), providing (that), on condition that, if only, suppose (that), supposing (that).

Contoh:

• If I see him, I will invite him to the party tomorrow.
• She would forgive her husband everything, if only he would come back to her.
   

 SOAL

When does dafi play football ?
When do you sleep ?
Where does play footbal ?
Where do you buy this ball ?
How does dafi play football ?
How do you can do play football ?
in want to improve your skills ?
How often does Any playing football ?
Where does dafi brake ?
When do you go to home after playing footabl ?

JAWABAN

every evening
 at 10 o' clock
in the field
in grand mall
very nice
 self-taught
 yes,of course
quite often
 in my room
 6 pm










 refrensi
 http://mulyonoprabowo.wordpress.com